Chlorine or Chloramine? A look at the Cities of Canada.
June 07, 2018 4 min read
Chlorine has long been the go-to for the disinfection of city drinking water. In the last decade though there's been a move to chloramine as a residual disinfectant.
Chloramine is a much more stable molecule meaning it persists in the water better than chlorine. But this stability makes it a lot more difficult to remove from water. Knowing whether your city is using chlorine or chloramine will help you choose the correct piece of equipment to remove it.
Here's a list of the top 100 cities in Canada by population, showing whether they use chlorine or chloramine as their residual disinfectant. Clicking on the city name will take you to the city web page. Below this list, we've provided more info on how to remove both chlorine and chloramine from your home water.
| Top 100 Cities by Population | Type of Residual Disinfectant |
| Toronto, ON | Chloramine |
| Montreal, QC | Chlorine |
| Calgary, AB | Chlorine |
| Ottawa, ON | Chloramine |
| Edmonton, AB | Chloramine |
| Mississauga, ON | Chloramine |
| Winnipeg, MB | Chlorine |
| Vancouver, BC | Chlorine |
| Brampton, ON | Chlorine |
| Hamilton, ON | Chloramine |
| Quebec City, QC | Chlorine |
| Surrey, BC | Chlorine |
| Laval. BC | Chlorine |
| Halifax, NS | Chlorine |
| London, ON | Chlorine |
| Markham, ON | Chloramine |
| Vaughan, ON | Chloramine |
| Gatineau, QC | Chlorine |
| Saskatoon, SK | Chloramine |
| Longeueuil, QC | Chlorine |
| Kitchener, ON | Chloramine |
| Burnaby, BC | Chlorine |
| Windsor, ON | Chlorine |
| Regina, SK | Chlorine |
| Richmond, BC | Chlorine |
| Richmond Hill, ON | Chloramine |
| Oakville, ON | Chlorine |
| Burlington, ON | Chlorine |
| Sudbury, ON | Chlorine |
| Sherbrooke, QC | Chlorine |
| Oshawa, ON | Chlorine |
| Saguenay, QC | Chlorine |
| Levis, QC | Chlorine |
| Barrie, ON | Chlorine |
| Abbotsford, BC | Chloramine |
| Coquitlam, BC | Chlorine |
| Trois-Rivière, QC | Chloramine |
| St. Catharines, ON | Chlorine |
| Guelph, ON | Chlorine |
| Cambridge, ON | Chloramine |
| Whitby, ON | Chlorine |
| Kelowna, BC | Chlorine |
| Kingston, ON | Chlorine |
| Ajax, ON | Chlorine |
| Langley, BC | Chlorine |
| Saanich, BC | Chloramine |
| Terrebonne, QC | Chlorine |
| Milton, ON | Chlorine |
| St. John's, NL | Chloramine |
| Thunder Bay, ON | Chlorine |
| Waterloo, ON | Chloramine |
| Delta, BC | Chlorine |
| Chatham-Kent, ON | Chlorine |
| Red Deer, AB | Chloramine |
| Strathcona, AB | Chloramine |
| Brantford, ON | Chloramine |
| Saint-jean-sur-Richelieu, QC | Chlorine |
| Cape Breton, NS | Chlorine |
| Lethbridge, AB | Chloramine |
| Clarington, ON | Chlorine |
| Pickering, ON | Chlorine |
| Nanaimo, BC | Chlorine |
| Kamloops, BC | Chlorine |
| Niagara Falls, ON | Chlorine |
| North Vancouver, BC | Chlorine |
| Victoria, BC | Chloramine |
| Brossard, QC | Chlorine |
| Repentigny, QC | Chlorine |
| Newmarket, ON | Chloramine |
| Chilliwack, BC | Chlorine |
| Maple Ridge, BC | Chlorine |
| Peterborough, ON | Chlorine |
| Kawartha Lakes, ON | Chlorine |
| Drummondville, QC | Chlorine |
| Saint-Jerome, QC | Chlorine |
| Prince George, BC | Chlorine |
| Sault Ste. Marie, ON | Chlorine |
| Moncton, NB | Chlorine |
| Sarnia, ON | Chlorine |
| Wood Buffalo, AB | Chloramine |
| New Westminster, BC | Chlorine |
| St. John, NB | Chlorine |
| Caledon, ON | Chlorine |
| Granby, QC | Chlorine |
| St. Albert, AB | Chloramine |
| Norfolk County, ON | Chlorine |
| Medicine Hat, AB | Chlorine |
| Grande Prairie, AB | Chlorine |
| Airdrie, AB | Chlorine |
| Halton Hills, ON | Chlorine |
| Port Coquitlam, BC | Chlorine |
| Fredericton, NB | Chlorine |
| Blainville, QC | Chlorine |
| Saint-Hyacinthe, QC | Chlorine |
| Aurora, ON | Chloramine |
| North Vancouver, BC | Chlorine |
| Welland, ON | Chlorine |
| North Bay, ON | Chlorine |
| Belleville, ON | Chlorine |
| Mirabel, QC | Chlorine |
More about Chlorine vs Chloramine
The disinfection of city drinking water is a two-part process. Step one, usually called primary disinfection, is the process where a city treats the water it draws from the environment to destroy all pathogenic organisms - bacteria, cysts, viruses, etc. For the vast majority of cities in Canada, this is accomplished using free chlorine. Free chlorine is an aggressive oxidizer and essentially destroys the tissues of these organisms and kills them.
But just killing the organisms at the water extraction point isn't enough. This water now has to travel through thousands of kilometres of pipe to reach every home in the city. To ensure that the treated water isn't contaminated on its journey, the city adds a residual disinfectant that travels with the water as it's distributed.
When we talk about Chlorine vs. Chloramine we're talking about the choice of the residual disinfectant. Most cities in Canada still use chlorine as the residual, but more and more cities are making the move to Chloramine. Why?
Simply put - Chloramine persists in the water longer than Chlorine. It's a more stable molecule and won't naturally dissipate into the air or aggressively react with every compound or surface it comes into contact with. This means that chloramine added at the source is much more likely to be present at the point of use - your home. More persistence = better disinfection = safer citizens.
But the stability of chloramine also makes it a lot hard to remove from water than chlorine. Both compounds are removed well using activated carbon, but chloramine removal necessitates the use of a special type of activated carbon called catalytic carbon.
Here at Aquatell, we sell multiple different systems that can be used for the removal of chlorine and chloramine. These systems fall into two broad groups - systems that treat the water for your whole home, and those that treat the water for a single dispensing point (these are usually called point-of-use systems).
Here are links to our whole home systems:
Whole Home Chlorine Removal Filter
Whole Home Chloramine Removal Filter
If you're just looking to remove chlorine or chloramine for your drinking and cooking water, we highly recommend one of our Reverse Osmosis Systems.